Memory Retention Of The Presentation Information And Those...

We found that there was no significant difference between the memory scores of those who thought they had to teach the information and those who were told nothing. Yet, a consistent trend was found with both dependent variables. Although the trend does not fall within the confidence band, it can be considered a consistent trend because it is constant for all four different conditions. Refer to Figure 2, the memory scores were consistently lower when white noise was present, regardless of which condition the participants were in. In addition, the anxiety levels were slightly higher when white noise was present regardless of active or passive condition, refer to Figure 3. Our null hypothesis states that there will be no significant difference in memory retention of the presentation information between those who are told they must teach the presentation right after and those who are not told anything, and there will be no difference in anxiety levels when noise is introduced into the cl assroom. However, our study tested the hypothesis that the potential of having to speak publicly would enhance memory retention. Yet, our results proved otherwise. Opposite to what we hypothesized, the memory for all four groups remained relatively consistent with one another with respect to the active and passive conditions. Anxiety did not have a major impact in boosting memory performance, even when white noise was in the background. 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The effect that these interactionsRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesto advances in the treatment of depression and other anxiety disorders, such as panic, had little impact on the research and treatment of OCD. 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Bae Assignment Free Essays

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BAE Business Case Study Submitted by: Susan Pacheco April 17, 2013 Table of Contents Part 1: Executive Summary3 Part 2: Main Issue4 Part 3: Systemic Issues4 Leadership Project Management issues4 Political Pressure to Fast-Track Project5 Design Issues5 Communication Breakdowns6 City Involvement (Delays)6 BAE Conditions on Contract Signing (April 1992)6 Part 4: Environmental Root cause Analysis7 Qualitative Analysis:7 Project Management7 People (Unqualified):8 Build-Design8 Economic Political Considerations8 Success with United Airlines9 Part 5: Alternatives and/or Options:9 Alternative A9 Alternative B11 Part 6: Recommendations and Implementation11 Recommendation:11 Recommendations Implementation Plan:12 Part 7: Monitor and Control:13 Part 8: Conclusion:13 Part 9: References, Exhibits and Appendixes13 Part 1: Executive Summary In order to address the immediate issue of the letter received by the City Mayor holding us responsible for the delay of the new baggage system by charging BAE a penalty of $12k/day backdated to October 29, 1993 and also requesting a charge back for the $50M tug-and-cart baggage backup system, immediate action and priority needs to be given to address this accusation. A prompt analysis of our project plan and missed milestones with reasons and factual data is critical in defending our position. We need to prove where certain milestones outside our control were missed and the domino effect it created and where dependencies to our commitments were broken and by whom. We will write a custom essay sample on Bae Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were many points at which we voiced our concerns on the project delays and access issues that further hindered our ability to perform but no one took responsibility or acknowledged the delay. In addition, the Build-Design approach has in itself created many hurdles and time delays outside our control as well as created unfavourable working conditions that were unsustainable for our teams. Our current situation is a mere symptom of a lack of a proper project management structure and qualified personnel at DIA. Also lack of sponsorship by the city Mayor has created silos and a negative effect on the project flow. The build-design approach is one of the biggest issues but with proper management it can be overcome. Based on BAE’s experience and successful past projects, we can confidently recommend a new structure that has worked in past projects. Given that history I feel we need to propose a drastic change to DIA’s Project Management team and propose a new structure which includes a new Project Manager to oversee the entire project team, appointment of additional team members (see Appendix 1) and new hires with the right skill sets. See Appendix 2 to see RACI Matrix proposal. The proposal is to continue with the new airport wide baggage system implementation only under the condition that DIA restructure their project management team and obtains sponsorship from the City Mayor and Aviation Director. A team approach must be understood by all parties involved as there are too many moving parts and it is impossible to expect BAE to independently manage all moving parts for what is out of our control especially with a Build-Design plan. This new platform will allow BAE and DIA’s members to educate, make timely critical decisions, identify risks and critical milestones and hold members accountable for their respective roles. Assuming our proposal is accepted, the overall expected timing from initial contact to identifying risks under the new team structure is 9 weeks. With this plan, a backup system would not be required, thereby avoiding this $50M additional cost. The seriousness of this accusation would put BAE at permanent financial risk if not bankruptcy. Promptness and priority in handling this situation is critical. Beyond the financial impact, there is also the reputation BAE has always enjoyed as being a leader in the marketplace worldwide can also have a negative effect on current and future projects with other institutions. Part 2: Main Issue City of Denver issued a penalty request of $12k/day backdated to original start-up completion date of October 29, 1993 including a $50 M charge back for a tug-and-cart baggage backup system. This main issue is a result of the systemic issues which are listed below. Part 3: Systemic Issues Leadership Project Management issues Shared leadership between city of Denver Consultant team created many inefficiencies, duplicate work and lack of real ownership. Additionally no organizational structure change at DIA was ever made to accommodate this new baggage system project. Further complicating the matter was the communication channels and roles between city, PMT and consultants were not defined or controlled. All were working in silos. Engineers are inefficiently creating piles of change documentation that are not really managed or communicated. Waste of time just to cover their tracks. There is NO real qualified Project Manager to oversee the entire project and bridge the gap between DIA and their top Carriers United Continental, City Council and BAE. We have been expected to manage the project with everyone working in their silos with no real support or team goal or management as a whole. In order to keep things moving along, we need a DIA counterpart to produce engineering alternatives and make quick decisions on cost, alternatives, scheduling etc. Currently there are too many chefs in the kitchen with no real one person in charge. They had to balance project administration political and social responsibilities. The Working Area 4 Managers that was assigned to us have no experience in airport construction, baggage system technologies or new technologies, their main experience is in construction project control management. As such they don’t know how to properly support our requests and needs to keep the project going forward. In addition to this since there is no project manager in charge and lack of proper structure we have to liaise with and to obtain feedback from each Concourse Senior manager and Main terminal manager. It is apparent that they each operate independently making any agreement difficult as we need to transcend the decisions and get agreement across all four managers. It is apparent that they each are making independant decisions and trying to tie them all together is very difficult. You read "Bae Assignment" in category "Papers" This creates further bottlenecks for us. Lack of a designated project manager to oversee and manage inputs/outputs from the City, DIA and BAE created a painful process, hurt relationships and lack of accountability and control. Head of DIA project resigned and death of Chief Airport Engineer Walter Slinger (Oct. 1992), a strong proponent of the baggage system and closely involved in negotiations with us had a significant impact on the project. He was a decisive, empowered decision maker who knew how to address problems and get them resolved promptly. His successor Gail Edmond was not successful in carrying ut the same duties as she was much less experienced and lacked the autonomy, experience and guts to make much needed quick decisions. Her hands were tied with red tape and took much longer to make any decisions. Overall we had a poor relationship with the management team who had no prior baggage handling competence or experience. The project was mainly treated as a major public works project resulting in a lack of support when we needed it for any of our complaints on timing, access etc†¦ Political Pressure to Fast-Track Project There were many factors that influenced and pressured this project to a fast-track pace which had some resulting serious consequences both in delays and cost. This pushed the project into a Build-Design project which had created some major delays and cost increases. Some of the other influencing factors are as follows: * DBO Date of Beneficial Occupancy payback date of January 1, 1994 * Project Management Team pressured to push project ahead at all cost due to long periods of assessment, negotiation and final approvals. Political pressure from Mayor to force project through a fast-track for their own political stature gain and public optics Design Issues The decision to install a new large scale airport-wide baggage system came after the building design was already determined and we were faced with fully defined project specs which underplayed the importance and significance of some important requirements of a baggage system (space, electrical power needs, building structure requirem ents, ventilation and air conditioning to dissipate) These issues created further bottlenecks and delays in our implementation. Further delays and changes resulted from DIA’s lack of consulting with and conducting a needs assessment with their two top carriers United Continental which accounted for more than 70% of passenger traffic prior to project start. Their needs were never incorporated into the initial design and program, as a result further changes were requested to design and software just 6 months prior to the needed opening date. We had to deal with this even though the mechanical and software designs were supposed to be frozen. Communication Breakdowns We communicated to United we would need 1 more year to get system up and running but no one listened nor was the message passed along to DIA or the City. We also at many points tried to engage DIA about the delays, access issues and construction bottlenecks that was causing direct delays in our work and we were not given precedent or access when needed. Infact the attitude was that these construction workers were not reporting to BAE to have to listen. City Involvement (Delays) Law restrictions forcing 30% of minority-owned firms and 6% women. This law forced us to forgo our original proposal of using our own qualified employees in lieu of external outside contractors which estimated an increased cost of approximately 60%. Some of our expertise was lost due to this fact in addition to causing further delays to our project. In Sept. 1993 we went into maintenance negotiations which lead to a 2 day strike of 300 millwrights that was joined by 200 electricians over a $8/hr delta pay dispute. We lost the maintenance contract as well as a 2 day delay. BAE Conditions on Contract Signing (April 1992) The conditions and milestones we placed upon accepting the job was not respected by the city or adhered to, nor was there any provisions made to address issues along the way. ( i. e. freeze dates for mechanical design, software design, power requirements and the like, all around access, timely completion of certain areas, provision of permanent power, computer rooms†¦ these were all set as milestones in our project plan. The city had agreed to these conditions with unrestricted access with priority for BAE equipment yet we didn’t even have reasonable access. For example: * Electricians had to leave work where concrete grinders were creating clouds of dust, * Fumes from chemical sealants forced others to flea * Trucks blocking and restricting * Design Freeze dates not adhered to: Airlines requested changes to system designing even though mechanical/software designs were frozen. (6 months prior to opening airport, still moving equipment around, changing controls and software design! * Energy issues – City unable to supply â€Å"clean† electricity to the baggage system. Motors and circuitry used in system extremely sensitive to power surges and fluctuations. Filters were purchased to correct the problem and a City Worker cancelled a contract without realising that the filters were part of it. Filters arrived several months later in March 1994. 1. Construction already begun on terminal and concourses with substantial changes needed on construction to accommodate expanded system. We wrote a letter to city (Jan, 29, 1995) to request prompt action advising of inability to complete project under these conditions with no response or support. Part 4: Environmental Root cause Analysis Qualitative Analysis: BAE is a highly qualified with a revered reputation, experienced in projects across the US, Europe and Australia in the development, design, manufacture and install and support of every project it undertook from start to finish. We established a strong position in the US accounting for about 90% of U. S. baggage sorting equipment sales. Since 1972 – 1994 we had successfully designed, manufactured and installed nearly 70 automated baggage handling systems worth almost $50M at major airports in the US, New York, Dallas-Fort Worth, Chicago, San Francisco, Miami, Newark and Pittsburgh. We also consulted in the installation of a $550M terminal for the New Seoul Metropolitan Airport in South Korea. Given our successful history and past accomplishments, it is without a doubt that our management capabilities and expertise in handling various types of projects, with various types of people and countries, proves our commitment, capabilities and expertise in handling complex variables and situations for every project we undertake. Knowing the strategic importance and complexity of this particular project, we had agreed to take on the project only upon acceptance of certain conditions which was accepted by the City. Many of these conditions were not honored throughout the process causing unnecessary delays, additional costs, strained relationships both with the City and DIA management and hurt our reputation Project Management Lack of communication, ownership and project management both at DIA the City of Denver was the source of this pivotal problem. Since the contract was awarded by the City, they were responsible to enforce the compliance of the agreed upon conditions and communicate and enforce these conditions to DIA and their employees. In turn DIA did not have a specific Project manager to oversee the entire project as a whole and to act as a liaison between us, the City and their Carriers. Instead we were forced to deal with their respective â€Å"Area† managers one on one which was counterproductive, time consuming and ineffective. We also had to deal with direct changes from the Carriers themselves which further haulted our project. We were setup for failure given the lack of direction and control at DIA’s side and the City’s dogmatic approach to making decisions. For a project of this magnitude, there was no consideration made to employ either Key Managers or Project Manager to oversee, manage and liaise between the three concourse areas. This created some major gaps and no one was there to keep the pulse on the project itself. This was not implemented thus creating a gap in communication, a silo-type attitude amongst decision makers creating no support-system for the major role we played in this implementation. It was apparent that roles between the City, PMT at DIA and Consultants were not defined or controlled. Everyone was working in silos. People (Unqualified): In addition to the management issues, our Assigned Area 4 Managers, lacked the experience in airport construction and baggage system technologies, therefore could not understand the importance and properly support our needs nonetheless handle our requests in a prompt manor. In order to keep things moving along, we needed a DIA counterpart who would be able to produce engineering alternatives and have the autonomy to make decisions. The death of DIA’s Chief Airport Engineer, Walter Slinger created significant impact to our operations as he was decisive and addressed problems promptly. This was an important critical role required for the success of this project. His successor, Gail Edmond lacked the experience, know-how, decision making capabilities and autonomy that further haulted the process. Build-Design The Political pressure to fast-track this project lead to a Build-Design approach to this airport construction which cau sed many unknown risks and design issues that we had to deal with upon commencement. We were unaware of the construction scope and details to be able to fully understand the scope of the project before undertaking. This also lead to a reactive vs. proactive planning. This posed many unknown risks, changes and modifications to our plans along the way. The instability of this process created many points of change, delays and cost additions and we did our best to manage what was in our control. The point is that many of these delays were NOT within our control, nor did we have any support from the city to enforce DIA’s construction project to meet our agreed upon milestones to meet our own obligations. Economic Political Considerations The economy in mid 1980’s was plummeting with a 37% job loss average across Stapeltons Employment Industries. The Pena administration aggressively promoted the airport relocation, marketing the new airport as a technologically advanced, state-of-the – art structure to draw businesses, import federal capital and fund the creation of new jobs with bonded debts to overcome the short-term decline in the economy. It was to become a grand project that would be the main showcase for the Public Works Department. The relationship between BAE and the City was strained primarily because their focus was on airport project speed and bond re-payment and not on the project itself. They were motivated by their own public perception in the political realm. Their â€Å"hands-off† approach was detrimental in the success of this project and served more as a crutch and hinderance. When it came to asking for support it felt like they were working against us and not with us. Their strength was not in project management but they had the power to make key decisions which influenced and affected our overall success. The added pressure of paying the DBO by Jan 1, 1994 forced quick management decisions, early construction without a full scope analysis and risk mitigation not just with BAE but also with DIA. Forced the Build-Design approach which inherently greatly affected our ability to succeed given the lack of adherence to the agreed conditions. Success with United Airlines Once the contract was signed with United exclusively things went smoothly. The successful implementation of the baggage system with United highlighted what was lacking in dealing with DIA and City directly. The success highlighted and confirmed our ability to manage the project with a partner who understood the technical and project management needs. Part 5: Alternatives and/or Options: Alternative A Continue with the contract for installing the baggage handling system conditional upon the following restructuring requirements: Hiring of new qualified members at DIA. 1. DIA to hire a dedicated qualified Project Manager for the baggage handling system overall project with prior project management experience. One whom understands the key tasks, key players has a strong construction and technological background with project management skills to document, track, address and facilitate the communications between all DIA parties and that of BAE and City Administration. A clear definition of this person’s role, decision-making authority and sponsorship by Senior Management is critical. 2. DIA to hire a new Chief Airport Engineer with strong decision making and leadership skills with the autonomy to make decisions and propose Gail Edmond work under him/her as Chief Associate Engineer. . The new Project Manager’s goal is to gather all appropriate key stakeholders as proposed in Appendix 1 to conduct 3 main initial sessions with all key stakeholders (*see Appendix 1) to: I. Conduct a full risk assessment whereby identifying all risks, prioritise them, have an action plan to mitigate some of them, formulate contingency plans and assign responsible persons to manage the risks. II. Est ablish a Project Objective Statement, and Create a new project master plan, III. Team member establishment: Establish who key players are, their strengths, weaknesses, outlining roles and create a RACI matrix *See Appendix 2 for DIA, BAE, and City for roles and responsibilities for all planning and execution tasks of the project 4. City to hire or appoint a qualified Liaison with construction, engineering and or technical background experience who is solely assigned to this project with no other conflicting priorities with the autonomy to make decisions. This person’s role is to ensure that legislation doesn’t interfere or adversely cause timing risks to the project plan and expedite issues/roadblocks when they arise between DIA, BAE and the city. This proposal is supported by the fact that our design has proven it will work given the proper management setup framework as demonstrated by our successful implemention of the new baggage handling system with United Airlines. The current lack of the â€Å"right† project team members will be addressed by this new proposed structure. With the right sponsorship and roject management setup, this will encourage all to be on the same page and working towards the same goal. The added benefit of this is that timelines will be clear and visible and will hold those truly responsible for delays in their respective areas and help them and all team members understand the domino affect and impact it can have on the entire project as a whole. This will discourage the current work â⠂¬Å"silo† mentality and will promote an integrated meeting of the minds where risks and opportunities for improvement can be quickly identified, communicated and cascaded to the right people. This will also ensure that the right decision makers are present to make judgement calls on plan changes as they come along and not further hold up the process. This should put the plan back on target and give us a working plan going forward where all key players are informed, consulted and responsible for outcomes. The cost of setting up this new structure is by far a more economical way to get the task done without the added financial burden of creating a new â€Å"backup† system. Pros: * Renewed Focus on project with key roles and responsibilities outlined set’s clear goals, accountability and ownership. Address risks and enable the team to mitigate them * Clear direction and leadership by all stakeholders and their inputs * Expedite critical milestones and ensure we are on the path * Maintain reputation * No further $ investment for backup system Cons: * New hires required Alternative B Cancel the contract with Denver. Discontinue involvement in any further developm ent unless directly contracted by Carriers. Pros: * Focus on core business Cons * Damaged reputation for BAE * Litigation costs * $12k / day penalty Law suit risk – Pay back of $50M Baggage system backup plan Part 6: Recommendations and Implementation Recommendation: Based on my analysis the strategic impact of cancelling the project at this point would further create a bad reputation for BAE, especially considering the current damage already made to BAE by the unsolicited test plan executed by the mayor and the bad press that has already caused. The decision to continue with the project conditional upon a new team structure is a reasonable request given our past successful history and project management expertise. I feel that we have a strong argument for our position backed up by facts that are undeniable and can thus prove our innocence and lack of responsibility for the delay. This will prove to be a sensitive topic as it appears that it is easier to blame us for the delays. With a mutual understanding about the current situation, I believe it will be easier to convince the Mayor and Aviation director the value the new structure would bring and that a new backup system is not the answer and would cause unnecessary further financial burden, hurt relationships and bad press which no one wants. The success of BAE in installing United’s baggage system will be highlighted as an example of the right team structure and how we can achieve the same if we are united in the goal and agree to this plan. Recommendations Implementation Plan: Some of the short term elements of the recommendations are already completed or in progress such as building our case / position with regards to reasons for the delays. The following outlines the steps required to make this happen. Task| Responsible| Timing| Build case. Engage with Project Manager BAE to identify original plan milestones and detailed reasons for incomplete tasks. Prepare PPT presentation with key dataWrite back to City Mayor, acknowledging letter and request for a formal meeting to present response with a set date. | BAE Project MgrBAE AdminGene DiFonso| 3 days2 days1 day| Invite to meet with DIA Director of Aviation to present challenges/issues faced throughout the project and the delay outcome. Explain the current position we are in with regards to the city’s demands with the objective to gain support for the new proposed structure. Gene DiFonso| 1 day fixed| Invite DIA Director of Aviation City Mayor to formal meeting to present project delay reasons/issues recommendation for continuation of project with recommended structure| Gene DiFonso| 1 day (fixed)| Prepare Present the proposed structure and Project Team Method Matrix and explain it’s criticality and past effectiveness in other successful projects and why this is necessary even if a backup baggage system is implemented | Gene DiFonso| 3 days| Assume DIA’s buy – in and that it takes DIA 1 month to hire Project Manager and restructure the Project Management Team| Director of Aviation| 30 days| Work with new Project Management Team to identify construction risks that interfere with our design/implementation plans come up with alternate solutions. | Gene DiFonso PMT| 1 week| Develop new Strategy with new key Milestones | Gene DiFonso, | 2 weeks| Obtain Buy-In Committment from key stakeholders| City Mayor, Director of Aviation| 1 day (fixed| | Total| 9 weeks| 1st Meeting with new Project Team Members| | | | | | Any critical changes to the original plans will be reported promptly to DIA Project Manager and voiced in Team Meetings. Any critical plan changes will equire Sponsor sign offs (acknowledgment and approval of change to plan for reasons outside BAE’s control) before BAE continues with implementation. Part 7: Monitor and Control: * Weekly internal meetings with BAE’s project management team will be conducted to keep pulse on project timelines and areas of risk. * Attend weekly Project Meeting Team meetings to identify risks, action items, schedule changes and react to them. * Submit bi-weekly reports on status to key sponsors stakeholders. * Hold monthly review meetings with Sponsors Part 8: Conclusion: In conclusion, the current difficulties we are experiencing with DIA and City Administration has served as a costly example of lack of poor management structure for a project of this magnitude. Our past successes can speak for itself in approaching DIA and City Mayor for their support to the new proposal based on our experience. If this new approach is accepted, this will save BAE millions of dollars in lawsuits and cost of new baggage system as charged by the City Mayor. The optics of getting back on track, having a strong management team and continuing with the original plan will serve in favour of all, the Mayor, our shareholders, as well as redeem our own reputation as leaders in the market. We will then be positioned without a tarnished brand and enjoy further growth opportunities. Part 9: References, Exhibits and Appendixes Appendix 1 – New Project Management Team Structure Appendix 2 – RACI Matrix example (for initial phase) of new structure How to cite Bae Assignment, Papers

Vulnerable Operating Systems Social Engineering and Virtual Private N

Question: Discuss about theVulnerable Operating Systems for Social Engineering and Virtual Private Networks. Answer: Introduction: Vulnerable Operating Systems Vulnerabilities are defined as the potential threat or risk of an attack on a computer system or an application that may hamper the regular services of the same and may also result in negative impacts in terms of privacy and security of the information that is present within. There are a number of computer and mobile based Operating Systems (OS) used by the users such as Windows, Linux, iOS, Android and many more. These operating systems are also exposed to such vulnerabilities with varying degree of likelihood and the same has given birth to the term called Vulnerable Operating Systems. Any sort of vulnerabilities to the operating systems make them vulnerable to a number of different malware and attacks such as viruses, worms, logic bombs, Trojans, network attacks and many more. The features of these operating systems vary from one to the other and the same also forms the factor of an attack of a probable vulnerability on the same. For instance, Linux kernels allow it to be upgraded without affecting the rest of the operating system which is not the features present in any of the version of Windows. These vulnerabilities are also classified in to several categories as high, medium and low on the basis of their impact. Highly vulnerable Operating Systems have the gaps in their design and functionalities that make them easy targets for the attackers (Kingsley-Hughes, 2015). As per a recent report, Apple Mac OS is one of the most vulnerable OS in the present era. There are also medium and low vulnerability OS such as Linux Kernel and some of the versions of Windows OS. Intruders and attackers are constant putting an effort to come up with newer set of vulnerabilities to affect the functioning of all of these vulnerable operating systems and to gather unauthorized access to the information. It is because of this reason that the vulnerable Operating Systems have come up with a number of restrictions and access control to boost their respective security features. These security aspects reduce the vulnerability of any nature with respect to the OS. These also ensure that the confidentiality, integrity and the availability of the information that is present in the system remains intact at all times. It is possible to adapt the security mechanism while designing and implementation of the OS in order to avoid these vulnerabilities in terms of the security of the system. Social Engineering Social Engineering is defined as a category of attacks that forms its base on the human interaction and the level of the same to break the security norms through unauthorized measures. It is a human approach of attack which is executed in such a manner that the participants do not realize their role in the same. Social engineering has been further classified in to two categories as computer/technology based deception and human based deception. The former makes use of technology to break in to the security of a system. For instance, an attacker may impersonate itself as an authenticated entity and demand the login credentials from the user. The user unaware of such an attempt will proceed to provide the same to the attacker which may result in adverse impact to the system. The second category relies on the in-person human interactions to execute an attack such as breaking the physical security by impersonating as an authenticated user. There are many adverse impacts of social engineering attacks on the organizations and for the users as well. These attacks put the user information at risk and plays with the confidentiality, integrity and privacy of the same. For the organizations, these may become the cause of heavy penalties and may also put the reputation at stake (Gulati, 2016). There are a number of techniques that are followed to execute social engineering attacks such as direct approach, dumpster diving, spying, eavesdropping, assistance of technical expert or support staff, use of authority and popup windows. Ignorance, undue curiosity and inadequate due diligence, revenge and personal gains are the few factors that form the causes or common behavior for such attacks on the system. Many countermeasures have been suggested and designed to prevent these attacks and to maintain the security of the system and the information. Some of the common measures include avoiding of the unfamiliar links and popup windows and reporting the same to the security team. Website managers must constant check their website for unnecessary traffic or an unwanted event. USB devices in a system that consists of private information must be blocked to avoid baiting which is another form of Trojan. Enhanced physical security and access control mechanisms can also aid in the prevention and control of such attacks. Also, an unknown entity whether real or virtual should never be trusted and provided with the confidential information associated with a particular user or organization (Perlman, 2014). Virtual Private Networks Virtual Private Networks, popularly known as VPNs are the category of the networks that allow the organizations or the users to setup and make use of their own network over public or shared network infrastructure such as Internet. There are a number of VPN devices that are important to implement such network architecture for an entity. These devices include Customer devices such as routers and switches, Customer Edge devices, Service Provider devices and Service Provider Edge devices. There are a number of protocols and technologies that are used to design and implement a site-to-site virtual private network. IP Security or IPSec is one such suite of protocols that provides protection to the IP traffic in a network. GRE is another technology that protects the multiprotocol traffic in a network. Draft Martini allows the safe point-to-point (PPP) transmission of protocols such as Frame Relays and Ethernet. The list of protocols is different for the Remote Access VPNs. These include Layer Two Forwarding (L2F) protocol that enables tunneling of PPP between access points and the VPN gateways. There are also many other protocols that allow remote access VPNs to function accurately such as Point to Point Tunneling protocol (PPTP), Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and IPSec. The figure presented below illustrates the various types and protocols that are used for the setting of a VPN. VPN Types and Protocols As the name suggests, service provider provisioned VPNs are provided and managed by the service provider and the customer provisioned VPNs and configured and handled by the customer itself (ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com, 2016). There are a number of advantages that are offered by VPNs such as the security of communications that are done over a VPN is much higher as compared to any other network type. VPNs are also free from complex equipment for installation and long distance leased lines which makes them extremely low on cost parameter. Flexibility and scalability comes easy with a virtual private network that makes them adaptable to the changing requirements of a user or an organization. There are also a few disadvantages that are associated with VPNs. These networks demand an experienced professional for implementation and maintenance as they can be a bit complex on the design front. Reliability and availability of these networks also depend upon a number of additional factors in terms of infrastructure which may enhance the downtime in case of an attack. Also, there may be compatibility issues in the scenario of VPNs from multiple vendors. References Gulati, R. (2016). The Threat of Social Engineering and Your Defense Against It. Sans.org. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/engineering/threat-social-engineering-defense-1232 Kingsley-Hughes, A. (2015). Mac OS X is the most vulnerable OS, claims security firm; Debate ensues | ZDNet. ZDNet. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://www.zdnet.com/article/mac-os-x-is-the-most-vulnerable-os-claims-security-firm/ Perlman, M. (2014). 8 Tips to Prevent Social Engineering Attacks. LightCyber. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://lightcyber.com/8-tips-to-prevent-social-engineering-attacks/ ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com,. (2016). Virtual Private Networks. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/1587051796/samplechapter/1587051796content.pdf

Power`s Separation Essays - Constitutional Law, Philosophy Of Law

Power`s Separation It has proved true, historically, that there is a natural tendency of governments to assume as much power as possible. To prevent this from happening in the United States, the framers of the Constitution divided the functions of the federal government among three branches: the executive branch, legislature or the lawmaking branch and the judiciary. These should be separate and enjoy equal power and independence. This separation of powers is in direct contrast to the government in Britain. Their Parliament is the single governing unit. Members of the executive--the Cabinet and the Prime Minister--are members of Parliament. The highest court of appeal is the House of Lords. The separation of powers was also in contrast to the government under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for no separate executive branch. The president was the presiding officer of the Congress. There was no national court system at all. The framers of the Constitution decided on a government in which the three main functions would be held by three separate branches. The Congress was empowered to make laws. The president was empowered, through the departments and agencies of the executive branch, to enforce the laws. The president is thus the head of the bureaucracy--the non-elected officials of government. The Supreme Court was established as the highest judicial authority. John Adams referred to this three-part arrangement as a system of checks and balances that protect the people from authoritarian or arbitrary rule. In addition to distributing power among the three branches of the federal government, the Constitution also distributes it among the states and the people. The Tenth Amendment specifically reserves all "powers not delegated to the United States" to the "States respectively, or to the people." Within each state there are many other governmental units. Each local government, from the smallest village to the largest city, has its necessary powers. There are taxing bodies, such as school districts, that have the authority they need in order to operate. Before continuing to mention how the separation of powers is applied in the United States presidential system, let me briefly explain the structure of the presidential system. The Presidential System United States Government The federal government of the United States was created by the Constitution, which went into operation in 1789 when the first Congress convened and George Washington took the oath of office as president. The government is called federal because it was formed by a compact (the Constitution) among 13 political units (the states). These states agreed to give up part of their independence, or sovereignty, in order to form a central authority and submit themselves to it. Thus, what was essentially a group of 13 separate countries under the Articles of Confederation united to form one nation under the Constitution. When the Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776, it used the term United States of America. Until the Constitution was adopted and ratified, however, the 13 states did not really form one nation. They each held onto so many powers individually, including conducting foreign policy and trade negotiations, that the Continental Congress could only do what the states allowed. The Articles were never the law of the land to the extent that the Constitution is. In essence, the United States as a nation did not come into existence until the Constitution began to function as the framework of the government. Once the Constitution was in place, tension between the states and the federal government did not automatically cease. Many political thinkers believed that the states were really the supreme authority. According to this viewpoint, states could nullify acts of the federal government that were disagreeable to them. One of the strongest proponents of this view was John C. Calhoun, senator from South Carolina. His chief opponent was Chief Justice John Marshall. Calhoun's position, called states' rights, has persisted to the present. It was seriously undermined, however, by the American Civil War. Since that war the federal government has gained much power at the expense of the states. The best known characteristic of the presidential system is the separation of powers. The three principal functions of the government are the formal promulgation of the law, its administration, and its adjudication. These are established in separate and co-ordinate branches. We call them the legislative, the executive and the judicial; they are independent of one another, but are at the same time made interdependent. (The judicial branch enjoys a considerable degree of independence in all nations subscribing to the Anglo-American tradition of jurisprudence, regardless of whether they have adopted the presidential system.) CONGRESS: The Legislation

Protoyping Example

Protoyping Example Protoyping – Article Example Prototyping A of the article and where it was found Identification of The article in this case talks of the five major pitfalls that may be experienced when prototyping. This article may be found in the User Interface engineering website whose link is . It can be scrutinized that a prototyping is also known as Heuristic development. This process involves developing a system via controlled process of trial and error. The Prototype uses high speed development language such as fourth generation language 4GLS. There are two basic methods of prototyping namely; gradually build of the actual system and building the model to create the design (Jared, 2003). The five major pitfalls of prototype described in this article include; it focuses on drawbacks rather than learning. Secondly, It tends to make too much coverage without making sufficient divergence, some prototype such Axure take time to master. It may make one to work on the wrong fidelity especially if there is a lot of jumping and finally there are a lot of evaluation since prototyping tends to be broken down into several stages (Jared, 2003). The one thing about prototyping that surprised you the most The one thing that surprises me about prototyping is that a well design prototype can sell and idea better compared to any other form design. Further, a prototype may come in different shapes and size (Jared, 2003).Purpose of prototyping within the example in the chosen article Based on the article chosen above prototyping serve the following purposes namely; it helps the users to understand the idea better by getting deeper into that idea as well as help to sell the idea to other people. Further prototype reduces time required in exploring an idea (Jared, 2003). ReferenceJared.M.S. (2003).Five Prevalent Pitfalls when Prototyping

Barium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Barium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Atomic Number 56 Symbol Ba Atomic Weight 137.327 Discovery Sir Humphrey Davy 1808 (England) Electron Configuration [Xe] 6s2 Word Origin Greek barys, heavy or dense Isotopes Natural barium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Thirteen radioactive isotopes are known to exist. Properties Barium has a melting point of 725Â °C, a boiling point of 1640Â °C, and a specific gravity of 3.5 (20Â °C), with a valence of 2. Barium is a soft metallic element. In its pure form, it is silvery white. The metal oxidizes readily and should be stored under petroleum or other oxygen-free liquids. Barium decomposes in water or alcohol. Impure barium sulfide phosphoresces following exposure to light. All barium compounds that are soluble in water or acid are poisonous. Uses Barium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes. Its compounds are used in pigments, paints, glassmaking, as weighting compounds, in the manufacture of rubber, in rat poison, and in pyrotechnics. Sources Barium is only found combined with other elements, primarily in barite or heavy spar (sulfate) and witherite (carbonate). The element is prepared by the electrolysis of its chloride. Element Classification Alkaline-earth Metal Density (g/cc) 3.5 Melting Point (K) 1002 Boiling Point (K) 1910 Appearance soft, slightly malleable, silver-white metal Atomic Radius (pm) 222 Atomic Volume (cc/mol) 39.0 Covalent Radius (pm) 198 Ionic Radius 134 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol) 0.192 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol) 7.66 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol) 142.0 Pauling Negativity Number 0.89 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol) 502.5 Oxidation States 2 Lattice Structure Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…) 5.020 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Mobile Telecommunications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mobile Telecommunications - Assignment Example As of March 1999, the Group had subsidiary mobile network operating companies in six countries - the UK, the Netherlands, Greece, Malta, Australia and New Zealand. Between 1999 and 2003, the Group furthered its transaction activities thereby transforming the company into the world's leading international mobile telecommunications company (Vodafone Annual Report, 2006). Vodafone Group provides a wide range of voice and data mobile telecommunications services, including text messages (SMS), picture messages (MMS), and other data services. The Group is continually expanding its product line and enhancing its service offerings, particularly through third generation (3G) mobile technology. In the wake of fierce competition and narrowing margins, Vodafone is continuously innovating to keep pace with the changing environment. Besides competition, the list of drivers changing the environment also comprises challenging regulatory environment, and continuous development in technology which means there is far more choice for customers. Historically, growth in Vodafone's portfolio has come from developed markets, particularly Europe. Due to high penetration rates (100%) in such markets, Vodafone is now concentrating on emerging markets which poses greater potential for growth due to low penetration rates (average 30%). 2. Strategic Analysis Vodafone has a strategy of expanding business through acquisitions, partnerships and joint ventures in the telecommunication industry. The Group cleanses its portfolio by disposing off underperforming assets that have an impact on its resources. Vodafone has invested only in those geographical regions where it has seen chances of superior returns for its shareholders. Key developments in the history of the Group are as follows: Timeline of Vodafone Group 1999 - Vodafone merged with Air Touch Communications which changed its name to Vodafone Air Touch. The Group had mobile operating subsidiaries in 10 countries and equity interests in an additional 12 countries. 2000 - Vodafone set its footprint in Germany and Italy through acquiring Mannesmann AG. Vodafone also increased its indirect holding in SFR, a French mobile telecommunications operator. Moreover, the Group's US mobile operations combined with Bell Atlantic and GTE Corporation to form Verizon Wireless. 2001 - Vodafone acquired Eircell Limited, a mobile operator in Ireland and set its footprint there. Moreover, the Group acquired 66.7% stake in a fixed line operator in Japan, Japan Telecom Co. Ltd. Since March 2003, Vodafone has undertaken multiple subsidiary acquisitions in Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Malta, Portugal, Sweden, Netherlands, and UK. Vodafone has had joint ventures in India, Fiji, Kenya, Poland and South Africa. Vodafone Group faces a high degree of competition in each of its geographic markets. It is subject to both indirect competition, from providers of other telecommunications services in the domestic markets and, direct competition from existing mobile telecommunications network operators. Many of Vodafone's key markets are highly penetrated due to a large number of customers having more than one subscriber identity module (SIM), the basis of customer identity for a mobile telecommun

Case studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case studies - Essay Example (Education, 2009) In Truth v. Kent School District, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that Washington's Kentridge High School did not violate the First Amendment rights of Truth, a Christian student group, by repeatedly denying the group's applications for official recognition. The school denied Truth's application because the group asked all voting members and officers to sign a "statement of faith" that the school contends violates nondiscrimination policies. By finding that the school had not violated Truth's First Amendment right to freedom of association, the Ninth Circuit directly contradicted Supreme Court precedent granting groups the right to choose their membership based on shared beliefs. The Ninth Circuit's holding in Truth directly conflicts with Legal Society v. Walker, in which the Seventh Circuit found that a public law school's refusal to recognize a Christian student group because of the group's membership requirements violated the group's First Amendment right to freedom of e xpressive association. FIRE's brief asks the Supreme Court to reconcile this split between the circuits. Boy Scouts held that the Scouts could exclude scoutmasters who were openly engaged in homosexual behavior and Rosenberger held that religious student organizations were entitled to viewpoint-neutral access to student-fee funds. Seemingly however, they rest on a backdrop of other cases, most importantly Healy v. James which reversed a university's decision to deny recognition to Students for a Democratic Society) and Widmar v. Vincent which held that universities had to provide religious student organizations with equal access to university benefits. The Healy court held that there was a free-association interest in student-organization recognition: "There can be no doubt that denial of official recognition, without justification, to college organizations burdens or abridges that associational right." On a university campus, recognition goes hand in hand with existence. If you are not recognized by the university, you have guaranteed marginalization. There is a tremendous qualifier w ith respect to on campus and off campus activities. The Supreme Court has clearly established the following: "Student organizations have a free-association right in recognition; religious student organizations have a right to access university facilities; and religious student organizations have a right to access student-activity-fee funds." (French, 2009) The problem exists, with respect to the qualifier and the question remains as to whether the qualifier comes first or whether the constitutional right takes precedence. B. Problem 16* Midstate University is a large state university. In the last few years, several student organizations have been established at the university that focus, in whole or in part, on religious values, religious worship, and religious evangelism. The New Light Fellowship, a student group affiliated with an outside religious organization, has been active on campus for two years. It is recognized by the Student Government Association, and thus receives funding from mandatory student fees and is allowed to hold

Moral Living Synoptic Question Essay Example for Free

Moral Living Synoptic Question Essay In this essay it is my intention to examine the theme of moral living within the Old Testament and the Celtic Church. Morality refers to ethical issues. It is the quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct. It is a system of ideas of right and wrong conduct. There are two interlinked themes of religious morality and social morality under moral living. The foundation of moral living within the Old Testament is the Sinai Covenant. Whereas, the basis of morality in Celtic Church is Saint Patrick; his moral base was always routed in his scriptural beliefs. Moses, for example, made a covenant with Yahweh on Mount Sinai, the principles from which are the foundation for the Judah Christian faith today, where he received the Ethical Decalogue (10 Commandments). As Drane states, â€Å"the commands were essentially moral requirements. Honesty, truth and justice were more important to Yahweh than the performance of religious rites.† Love of God and Love of Neighbour were the two commandments at the core of the Ethical Decalogue. The first three commandments central religious morality however, the last seven focus on Love of Neighbour and Social Morality. Winward states, â€Å"no man could be in a right relationship with God who was not in a right relationship with his fellow men.† The people of Israel had an obligation as the chosen people to obey the Ethical Decalogue. Abraham was called by God to give up his polytheistic ways. God promised Abraham that he would never give up on him. As Heinsch states, â€Å"he had to journey to a foreign land alone trusting in God’s guidance.† If Abraham fulfilled this request God promised him three things, Great Nation, Land (which was Canaan) and Protection. At this time, Abraham worshipped the popular moon god, â€Å"sin† and was to break with idolatry and become monotheistic. Epstein stated that, â€Å"Abraham turned to the service of the one and only God whom he recognised as the creator of heaven and earth.† Abraham’s love of the one true God and his change from idolatry reflects similarities with Saint Patrick. Patrick arrived in Ireland to a pagan country. The people of Ireland were idolaters in that they worshipped as many as 400 gods, with the main god being the Dagda (the father). The Celts held such things as the sun, trees, groves, water and birds to be sacred. Joyce states that they had the tendency to â€Å"find the divine in all of created nature.† Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland to transform the pagan people to monotheism. He wanted them to worship and love the one true God. Patrick adopted pagan practice to Christian tradition, for example, he changed the worship of the â€Å"sun† to the â€Å"son.† Patrick wanted the people to become monks and virgins for Christ. He advocated that true worship of God required to be newly baptised (converted from paganism to Christianity.) Patrick wanted the people to convert freely; they were never forced as the decision to become a Christian had to come from the heart. When Patrick left a place he made sure he left a building (church) to be used for communal worship. Like the Old Testament prophets, Patrick expected his ordained to be good role models to the people. Unfortunately in the Old Testament the religious leaders did not always do this. Ezekiel, for example, was to inform the people that God was going to hold the religious leaders responsible as they had led the people astray instead of encouraging them to worship only Yahweh. God told Ezekiel to prophesy to the leaders, â€Å"shepherds have been feeding themselves, should not, you the shepherds feed the sheep.† In tandem with this, the prophet Elijah also had to deal with the people of Israel’s idolatry. He was aware that there was a lack of steadfast love due to the people worshipping both Yahweh and Baal (god of fertility.) Elijah challenged the people about this saying, â€Å"how long will you go limping with two different opinions?† The people needed to stop worshipping both Yahweh and Baal and were to only worship the one true God, Yahweh. Elijah had little sympathy for the people worshipping both Gods. He challenged King Ahab to a contest on Mount Carmel between Yahweh and Baal to determine who the true God is. Elijah had a great victory as Yahweh won, usually this would be celebrated but instead, Elijah went to Mount Horeb as he knew the people’s change of heart of Yahweh as the one true God was temporary and this was not good enough. True love of God was required. In line with this, Patrick also challenged the pagan people’s ways through their worship of Dagda and Lugh. It took a long time for the pagan people to convert to truly worshipping one God. Paganism continued to exist alongside early Christianity 100 years after Patrick. Amos spoke out about social injustices, he stated, â€Å"let justice roll down like waters, and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream.† Amos spoke about respect for marriage, something which King David lacked. He had an affair with Bathsheba and committed the sins of lust, adultery and murder. He was punished for this as Yahweh was to â€Å"raise up evil against you out of your own house.† David’s son died as a result of his sins. Similarly, Patrick also showed a respect for life. He spoke out about injustices such as slavery and condemnation of wealth in his letter to Coroticus. Patrick respected women and this was reflected in the Letter to Coroticus. In L19 Patrick expresses his concern for women. The women were taken as captives, to be distributed â€Å"as prizes.† Patrick makes it clear that the fate of Coroticus and his men is to be â€Å"lorded over† for all eternity by those whom they regarded to be â€Å"barbarian Irish.† In L4, Patrick also speaks up against murder and slavery – he grieves for those captured and killed and calls the perpetrators themselves â€Å"captives of Satan† the punishment met out to them will be â€Å"external life in hell.† To conclude, Christianity is now one of the leading world religions and therefore the mission of both the prophets and Patrick was successful. There will always be a call for people to repent and convert to Christianity with a return to a moral life.

Animal Testing in the United States Essay -- Science Product Expiramen

Millions of animals die each year in the United States due to animal testing. Animals are used in laboratories to test chemicals in products and also used in research for the study of diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Unfortunately, these animals suffer tremendously while being experimented on and afterwards they are commonly put to death. The government has established legislation which gives certain guidelines for animal in laboratories, but it does not apply to every animal. The government even requires certain animal experimentation on specific products such as pesticides. There is also much dispute on whether or not animal testing is actually reliable in research for human products and diseases. The issue of animal testing becomes an issue of ethics; do humans have the right to harm other species for their own benefits? This would be a much easier question to answer if people actually knew how relevant and useful animal experimentation and research was for humans. As of r ight now, humans are harming animals in experimentation without even knowing how valuable the results will be in benefiting human research. Animal testing is a cruelty to animals and it should be made illegal in the United States. The Draize test and the LD-50 tests are the most common types of product testing. The Draize test is done to measure the harmfulness of a chemical by observing its effect on the eyes and skin of animals. This test is mainly used to test chemicals in cosmetics. It is administered by applying 0.5mL or 0.5g of the test substance to the eye or skin of animal (most commonly rabbits) for four hours. The animal is then observed for fourteen days. There are two types of Draize tests: Skin irritancy test: experi... ... 8 March 2006. "Draize Test." Wikipedia. 22 February 2006. 7 March 2006. "History: Animal Welfare Act." 2005. American Anti-Vivisection Society. 8 March 2006. "http://www.aavs.org/welfare01.html> "Iams... The Suffering Behind the Scenes." 2006. 8 March 2006. "Public Health Service Policy of Human Care and Use of Laboratory Animals." 1 January 2006. National Institute of Health. 6 March 2006. Stephens, Martin and Rowan, David. "An overview of Animal Testing." 2006. The Humane Society of the United States. 8 March 2006. Stevens, Karen L. "Animal Testing Alternatives." All for Animals. 2006. All for Animals. 24 Apr. 2006 .

Research paper about the effects of divorce on children Essay

â€Å"Only acts of war and the events of natural disasters are more harmful to a child’s psyche than the divorce process.† The Newsletter of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, 1997 Prior to 1985, divorce was hard to obtain in Canada. However, with the passage of the Divorce Act of 1985, which allowed divorce after one year’s separation, the divorce rate reached an all time high of 3.55 (per 1,000) in 1987 (Campbell, 2000). In 2000, Canada’s population reached 30.7 million. 1.4 million people had divorced as opposed to 14.6 million who remained married (Canadian Stats, 2001). The Canadian divorce rate is 2.46 (per 1000) with an average of 73,000 divorces per year (Campbell, 2000). Research indicates that divorce is a painful transition in the lives of all involved, especially children. Their wounds become more painful and troublesome over time. The impact of divorce steadily increases over the first three decades of children’s lives (Children & Divorce, 2001). And, although the effects of divorce do not necessarily secure the failure of these children as adults, they do make the challenges of growing up even more difficult than they already are. Divorce affects boys and girls in different ways. Adolescent males often become more aggressive and destructive, while females initially cope well (Wendel, 1997) However, in young adulthood, they develop problems. This is known as the â€Å"sleeper effect† (Wendel, 1997). When children of divorce reach their twenties and begin to engage in relationships of their own, some become afraid that they will repeat the failure of their parents (Wendel, 1997). Others develop a distrust of relationships, fearing they will be the ones abandoned or betrayed by their spouse (Wendel, 1997). Moreover, these children tend to get more caught in the cycle of drug and alcohol abuse, become sexually active at a young age, lack academic competence, have difficulty forming romantic relationships later in life, and lastly, feel a deep sense of abandonment and loneliness (Children, 2001). In nearly all cases of divorce, one parent is forced to relocate. This can be a harmful experience for children as they leave behind friends and a  familiar environment. Relocating often leaves the youth lonely and isolated (Children, 2001). Making new friends and adjusting to a new environment is obviously a difficult task, especially when one must cope with a new domestic situation All in all, divorce may have a lasting impact on children as it can cause them several adjustment problems. Research seems to indicate that there is: a higher incidence of adjustment problems among children of divorce compared with those of intact families; a relationship between marital status, predivorce parenting practices, and children’s adjustment to divorce; and, lastly, a variety of different effects of divorce on the adjustment and interpersonal problems of children As children grow older, they will come to terms with the fact that divorce is an adult decision over which they have no control over. Their visions of the traditional nuclear family begin to slowly fade and disappear in early adulthood. In nearly all cases, acceptance is a slow and steady process which requires rational and caring communication between both parents (Wendel, 1997). There is a higher incidence of adjustment problems among children of divorce compared with children in two-parent families (Simons, Lin, Gordon, Conger, Lorenz, 1999). The differences can be explained by loss of family income, parental conflict, psychological adjustment and parenting practices of the custodial parent, and the level of involvement of the noncustodial parent (Simons et al., 1999). Parental divorce increases the chances that a child will have difficulty with school, engage in early sex, suffer depression, commit delinquent acts, and use illicit substances (Simons et al., 1999). Adults who experienced parental divorce as children have poor psychological adjustment, lower socioeconomic attainment, and greater marital instability than adults reared in a nuclear family (Simons et al., 1999). The impact of reduced family income on the adjustment of children of divorce  (COD) may be expressed indirectly through its negative effect on the emotional well-being and quality of parenting of the custodial parent (Simons et al., 1999). The quality of the mother’s parenting mediates much of the association between divorce and child adjustment problems (Simons et al., 1999). This finding holds for both boys and girls. Parental depression and ineffective parenting explain a big portion of the correlation between divorce and internalizing (emotional stress) and externalizing problems (aggressive, delinquent behaviour) (Simons et al., 1999). Marital conflict operates to disrupt quality of parenting, which in turn increases the child’s risk for internal and external problems (Simons et al., 1999). The association between divorce and boy’s externalizing problems can be explained by the quality of the mother’s parenting and of the father’s involvement in parenting (Simons et al., 1999). On the other hand, there are three factors that serve to increase the probability that boys will experience internalizing problems: predivorce parental conflict, mother’s depression, and low quality parenting (Simons et al., 1999). Boys with divorced parents tend to be more depressed than those from two-parent families regardless of the psychological adjustment, level of conflict, or quality of parenting manifested by their parents (Simons et al., 1999). Parental divorce has been shown to be more emotionally disturbing to boys than to girls. Boys continue to show higher rates of depression than boys in nuclear families even when their mothers show positive psychological adjustment and engage in competent parenting (Simons et al., 1999). Compared with fathers in nuclear families, nonresidential fathers are less likely to help their children solve problems, to discuss standards of conduct, or to enforce discipline (Simons et al., 1999). This finding suggests that a divorced father who remains actively involved as a parent may significantly reduce his son’s chances of conduct problems. The quality of the father’s parenting does not mediate the association between parental divorce and girl’s antisocial behaviour (Simons et al.,  1999). Divorce elevates a girl’s risk for depression because it increases the chances that her mother will become depressed, which in turn reduces the quality of her parenting (Simons et al., 1999). Besides quality of mother’s parenting, postdivorce parental conflict serves to mediate the association between divorce and delinquency by girls. Girls appear to respond with less distress than boys and are at no greater risk for depression than girls living in nuclear families if their mothers are able to avoid depression and engage in competent parenting after divorce (Simons et al., 1999). Even after controlling for quality of parenting, predivorce conflict increases the chances of depression in boys whereas postdivorce conflict elevates a girl’s risk for conduct problems. Research findings conclude that the threat of parental loss, rather than parental conflict, may be what is disturbing to a child (Simons et al., 1999). Also, COD are at risk for adjustment problems because their parents are less likely to engage in competent parenting and are more likely to engage in parental conflict than parents who are married to each other (Simons et al., 1999). There is a relationship between marital status, predivorce parenting practices, and children’s adjustment to divorce (Shaw, Emery, Tuer, 1993). Prospective relations of parenting practices indicate that parents of to-be-divorced families with sons show less concern, and higher levels of rejection, economic stress, and parental conflict prior to divorce in comparison to intact families (Shaw et al., 1993). There are no behavioural differences for boys and girls in to-be-divorced versus intact families, but boys tend to have more problems after divorce (Shaw et al., 1993). The difficulties found among boys after divorce may be linked with parenting problems that begin before divorce (Shaw et al., 1993). Both prior to and following divorce, girls from divorced families show fewer consistent differences in terms of psychological adjustment than girls from always-married families (Shaw et al., 1993). Conversely, boys show an increase in problems following the divorce. Their greater vulnerability following divorce is attributed to a host of parental factors following the  parental separation: greater and longer exposure to domestic quarrels; more inconsistency, use of negative sanctions, and opposition from parents; less attendance to son’s needs and less positive parental support (Shaw et al., 1993). For boys, the proportion of variance in behaviour problems explained by divorce falls to a level where differences are no longer significant (Shaw et al., 1993). For girls, predivorce conditions account for variance in their adjustment following divorce (Shaw et al., 1993). Divorce is still significant for them once predivorce behavioural adjustment is taken into account (Shaw et al., 1993). Girls from divorced families may cope with later stressors more successfully, and thereby show a better adjustment in young adulthood, because their divorce experience is of a more controlled nature (Shaw et al., 1993). Boys may respond less favourably because of their increased vulnerability to stress in general, but also because the initial impact of divorce involves a less controlled exposure to stress (Shaw et al., 1993). For most boys, divorce is also associated with the loss of daily contact with the same-sex parent. Though the father’s departure may provide relief from witnessing parental disputes, it comes at the price of losing daily contact with the father (Shaw et al., 1993). Boys who live with mothers following the divorce are at an increased risk for later behaviour difficulties in comparison to boys in father-custody homes (Shaw et al., 1993). Parental conflict, rejection, and a lack of parental concern play a role in differentiating the home environments of boys from to-be-divorced and always-married families (Shaw et al., 1993). Parenting differences in the predivorce home are related to divorced boys’ subsequent greater level of adaption difficulty in young adulthood (Shaw et al., 1993). Lastly, boys from to-be-divorced families come from family environments characterized by greater rejection, economic stress, and less concern than boys from intact families, and, as a result, these same boys have more adjustment problems after the divorce (Shaw et al., 1993). To summarize, relations between predivorce parenting problems and difficulties in children adjustment are  stronger for boys than for girls. There are a variety of different effects of divorce on the adjustment and interpersonal problems of children (Pruett & Pruett, 1999; Bolgar, Zweig, Paris, 1995; Radovanovic, 1993). One effect of divorce is caused by the fact that young children are egocentric. Therefore, they may attribute blame for parental conflict to themselves, resulting in feelings of guilt and low self-esteem (Pruett et al., 1999). For this reason, children from high-conflict families may not learn the social skills (such as negotiation and compromise) necessary to ensure rewarding relationships in childhood and adulthood (Pruett et al., 1999). Another effect of divorce is youth leaving home early to escape from an aversive home environment (Pruett et al., 1999). This pattern may involve curtailing educational plans; it may also involve marriage at an early age to an inappropriate partner, resulting in poor marital quality and an elevated risk of divorce (Pruett et al., 1999). COD suffer problems with control. Since COD have no power to stop their parents from divorcing, a need is created to control relationships which lasts into young adulthood (Bolgar et al., 1995). The need to control extends to non-intimate relationships, such as authority figures. Therefore, COD have difficulties getting along with authority (Bolgar et al., 1995). Adults who experience parental divorce as children, compared with adults raised in intact two-parent homes, have greater psychological problems, lower socio-economic attainment, poorer quality marital relationships, and an increased propensity to divorce (Pruett et al., 1999). High levels of interparental, verbal and physical aggression characterize exchanges between ex-spouses and exert a negative impact on children’s adjustment. Consequently, there is a negative impact of interparental conflict on children’s behaviour and emotional functioning (Radovanovic, 1993). High levels of parental discord are associated with interpersonal problems for young adults (Bolgar et al., 1995). Other antecedents  associated with interpersonal problems are: the mother never remarrying, the mother remarrying more than once, high preseparation parent hostility, and high levels of maternal interference in the relationship of the child with the other parent after the separation (Bolgar et al., 1995). High levels of preseparation parental hostility are associated with young adults’ greater sense of being too controlling in their interpersonal relationships (Bolgar et al., 1995). High or moderate levels of maternal interference in the child’s relationship with the father after separation are associated with greater problems with intimacy (Bolgar et al., 1995). Research findings conclude that in high-conflict families, children have less adjustment problems if their parents divorce (Pruett et al., 1999). Conversely, in low-conflict families, children have less problems if their parents stay together (Pruett et al., 1999). Lastly, children who share a warm, supportive relationship with an emotionally well-adjusted custodial parent practicing fair and firm parenting are likely to do well, despite the presence of interparental conflict (Radovanovic, 1993). Parents need to work together. By doing so, they reduce the anxiety that children experience through their parent’s divorce. No matter how harsh the relationship between ex-spouses, if the two parties work together, the relationship with their child will be a successful one. In conclusion, I think this essay has proven that divorce has a lasting impact on children as it causes them several adjustment problems. Research indicates that there is: a higher incidence of adjustment problems among children of divorce compared with those of intact families; a relationship between marital status, predivorce parenting practices, and children’s adjustment to divorce; and, lastly, a variety of different effects of divorce on the adjustment and interpersonal problems of children. The adjustment problems that COD face compared to those in intact families shows that even after controlling for quality of parenting, predivorce  conflict increases the chances of depression in boys, whereas postdivorce conflict elevates a girl’s risk for conduct problems. Also, COD are at risk for adjustment problems because their parents are less likely to engage in competent parenting and are more likely to engage in parental conflict than parents who are married to each other (Simons et al., 1999). The relationship between marital status, predivorce parenting practices, and children’s adjustment to divorce shows that both prior to and following divorce, girls from divorced families show fewer consistent differences in terms of psychological adjustment than girls from intact families (Shaw et al., 1993). Conversely, boys show an increase in problems following divorce. Their greater vulnerability following divorce is credited to: greater exposure to domestic quarrels; less attendance to son’s needs, and less positive parental support (Shaw et al., 1993). Lastly, a variety of different effects of divorce on the adjustment and interpersonal problems of children shows that high levels of interparental aggression characterize exchanges between ex-spouses and exert a negative impact on children’s adjustment. Consequently, there is a negative impact of interparental conflict on children’s behaviour and emotional functioning (Radovanovic, 1993). Areas of future research: the relationships between the childhood and divorce experiences; the functioning of children of divorce in later adult roles of spouse, parent, and worker; extension of prospective research on children from divorced families to include the investigation of family environment, as well as child adjustment; giving greater attention to what is happening in the family prior to divorce; clarifying the connections between interparental conflict, divorce, and parent-child relationships; defining the processes by which stress, social networks, and coping affect children’s adjustment after parental divorce. The many problems divorce causes children, such as increased adjustment and interpersonal problems, all can be prevented, or at least minimized. We need to find ways that lessen the impact of divorce for children and teach  parents how their divorce causes long-term harm to their children. Preventing destructive forms of parental conflict and promoting a healthy co-parenting relationship are potentially effective means of reducing children’s risk for many of the negative outcomes associated with parental divorce (Shifflett, Cummings, 1999). Things that parents can do to minimize the impact of divorce on children: build their children’s social skills; find a support network; stay, if possible, in the same community as the non-residential parent; disengage if conflict arises; stay optimistic; (Kalter, 1987). Things that children can do to minimize the impact of divorce: keep a resilient temperament; have good social skills – empathy, sense of humour, interpersonal awareness; have a support network of friends and relatives; success at school helps; a supportive relationship with just one parent can minimize the impact of a difficult relationship with the other parent; economic stability is helpful (Kalter, 1987). Children of divorce need to understand that divorce is an issue between two adults, and although the divorce will affect the children, they must understand that they are not the cause of it. The negative impact of divorce is so strong that children of divorced parents struggle as adults to create a positive, healthy family environment for their own children. All too often, adults who experienced divorce as children prove less capable of breaking the cycle and instead pass on a legacy of tragedy to their children and their children’s children (Fagan, 2000).

3G Services in India

India’s much awaited third generation (3G) mobile services auction was reschedule to February 2010 as we shared in our earlier news. Before the long expected 3G auctions, telecom experts advised prospective operators to search for the High-end customers in their existing subscriber base and prepare to them to shift to high speed download with the 3.5G that the third generation spectrum would facilitate. The telecom expert’s view at a 3G India Mobile Operators Executive Summit was that the new service could lead to explosive 3G growth in India with low cost UMTS enable mobile phones. It would enable cheaper download of several applications like Mobile TV, Video clips of films and Sports like Cricket, Education network Gaming and Entertainment; for hi-end users, voice and video callings would be cheaper on 3G. The State run telecom operator Bhart Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) who have been providing 3Gmobile services for some months and still only licensees to provide the 3G mobile and broadband service in India, enlightened the operators assembled with their own experience in the much hyped 3G domain. India’s First 3G mobile service operator MTNL ’s Chief General Manager (Wireless Services-Delhi), A. K. Bhargava pointed out how the problem was not in technology but in ancillary services like billing and customer management. â€Å"The customer does not care whether it is 3G or 2G; we have to educate him on what benefits to expect from 3G.† MTNL had fewcustomers to begin with but once the benefits were explained â€Å"we had one lakh new 3G customers in just a month†. The higher tariff at the beginning restricted usage but â€Å"when tariff came down, customer base multiplied†, he added. His view was that â€Å"it was too early to talk of 3G services becoming popular with bottom of the pyramid customers.† But for the service to be profitable, the customer search should include middle level users as well as hi-end ones. The potentialcustomers could be preselected from the existing subscriber base and told about what 3G could mean to each one of them. The MTNL executive suggested that operators must project 3G as a tool for enhancing efficiency, productivity and as promoting a changed life style and not as a mere upgrade on 2G. According to the BSNL principal general manager for value added services, Mr. S. S. Sirohi, 3G would be most popular with those who need to use Internet while on the move. â€Å"Download is quick with 3G bandwidth† he pointed out taking a leaf out of his company’s offer of 3G services in the last few months. Live TV would be most popular and also network games with 3G availability. Mr. Sirohi advised theprospective operators to offer a bouquet of services on 3G different from the ones they were so far offering on the 2G networks. â€Å"Opportunity for network games is enormous on 3G networks. This bouquet of services would drive the quest for rising average revenue per user†. Among other services that 3G would make popular, would be family services like multi-media. Operators should configure services before they begin to offer the higher bandwidth. Educate the customer to discover that for many of the hi-end services, 3G base would be much cheaper for him. The experts also wanted the cost of handsets that can enable use of 3G, to be cheaper than what they are today. â€Å"A handset costing Rs 5,000 may not be cheap by our standards† Mr. Bhargava pointed out. â€Å"It should come down to Rs.3000 or even less.† Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) member R. N. Prabhakar advised the operators to use existing 2G networks to transmit 3G service also, to reduce costs enabling them with right software. HSPA enabled networks would be able to handle 3G transmission. He assured mobilecustomers that the regulator would keep a watch on the quality of service of 2G operation even as networks move on to provide 3G services. Mr. Avner Amran, chief operating officer of leading 3G network provider TTI Telecom, a worldwide company with comprehensive 3G network operator service solutions experience in several continents likened the explosive growth of telecomin India as â€Å"more a kind of revolution than evolution, any operator going into 3G needs to prepare for the switching by advance preparation of the potential customer and lining up adequate applications†, he told a select audience at the summit organised by Bharat Exhibitions.Bharat Exhibitions MD Mr. Shashi Dharan said â€Å"3G about to become a reality from a dream† emphasizing the context of the event. The 3G auctions are expected to conclude by February There will be three type of customers to drive 3G in india†¦. 1. Business people using phones as Data Modem. Some thing similar to Reliance NetConnect or Tata Photon+. Pricing should be comparable to exiting broadband plans. 2. Connected Generation which needs to own one device to manage there social networks e.g. skype,twitter,facebook and always connected. 3. Parents of IT generation the great Indian Middle class who can always do with easy to use video phone services. 1. This delay of over three years has deprived Indian subscribers of the benefits of high-speed mobile data services, which is proven to affect positively the domestic economy 2. 3G will permit to offer data related services and also some innovative video VAS services. Giving millions of people access to broadband Internet in a short span of time. 3. This is also an opportunity for Indian developers to join efforts with operators to develop applications that will meet the needs of the Indian mobile user. And because of the size and India software skills, these could be rolled out into other emerging markets. 4. Moving 3G will enable high-speed data transfer enhance the user experience on services like live video streaming and many other graphic formats. As 3G is packet based, it uses wireless spectrum more efficiently than circuit switched formats. 5. The slow data transfer problems that subscribers faced with 2.5G will be improved by 3G. Also other services will be benefited by the higher bit pipe provided by 3G like music download or Internet applications/search. It will help operators offer rich content and new services such as mobile commerce, mobile music, video-based services and hi-speed mobile Internet services 6. One of the biggest benefits for operators in India for launching 3G is to provide additional spectrum for voice services. Many operators are starved of spectrum and as 3G offers four to five times the voice capacity of 2G spectrums, it is a cost-effective tool to deliver voice 7. Still India has a Poor broadband penetration (as of March 2008 there were only 6.22 million broadband subscriptions). mainly because the large untapped rural market. Is a big challenge to provide high bandwidth in rural areas using fixed lines. With 3G, network operators can offer wireless broadband services. Empowering services like telemedicine, virtual marketplace and e-learning can help to make people’s life better. 8. According to (FICCI), in India, 3G subscriber base is expected to reach 90 million by 2013, accounting for 12% of the overall wireless user base. By 2013, 3G service revenues are expected to generate $15.8 billion, accounting for a share of 46% in overall wireless service revenue. There will also be an increase in the share of non-voice services, including data card access, and short messaging service. The Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) from these services is expected rise from the present 9% to nearly 23%.† 2010. The Indian telecommunications industry is the world's fastest growing telecommunications industry,[1][2][3] with 688.38 Million telephone (landlines and mobile) subscribers and 652.42 Million mobile phone connections as of July 2010 [4] It is also the second largest telecommunication network in the world in terms of number of wireless connections after China.[5] The Indian Mobile subscriber base has increased in size by a factor of more than one-hundred since 2001 when the number of subscribers in the country was approximately 5 million[6] to 652.42 Million in July 2010.[4] As the fastest growing telecommunications industry in the world, it is projected that India will have 1.159 billion mobile subscribers by 2013.[7][8][9][10] Furthermore, projections by several leading global consultancies indicate that the total number of subscribers in India will exceed the total subscriber count in the China by 2013.[7][8] The industry is expected to reach a size of 344,921 crore (US$76.23 billion) by 2012 at a growth rate of over 26 per cent, and generate employment opportunities for about 10 million people during the same period.[11] According to analysts, the sector would create direct employment for 2.8 million people and for 7 million indirectly.[11] In 2008-09 the overall telecom equipments revenue in India stood at 136,833 crore (US$30.24 billion) during the fiscal, as against 115,382 crore (US$25.5 billion) a year before.

The Eyes That Cannot Lie What Lurks Behind Peoples Faces

The Eyes That Cannot Lie What Lurks Behind Peoples Faces Introducing a character into a story is not easy, even if it is actually leading the whole story. Mostly because the descriptions of the characters’ appearance tear the fabric of the story down, they are typically provided at the very start of the story and often look rather out-of-place. However, there would be no rule without an exception, which Eileen Chang’s short stories have proven successfully.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Eyes That Cannot Lie: What Lurks Behind People’s Faces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By showing the changes in her characters’ facial expressions throughout the entire novel, Chang manages to display a complex palette of emotions, which the leading characters experience, therefore, making it clear that a specific facial expression can have millions of shades of meaning, as well as that a shadow passing across one’s face can tell much more about th e given person than an entire tirade. One of the most striking things about the fleeting emotions of the characters and the way in which Chang manages to capture these emotions is in how many contexts a simple smile is used. It serves to express curiosity, tiredness, reluctance, etc.; in fact, one might be surprised how few times the smile is actually used to show that the character is genuinely happy. For example, Eldest Mistress Tai-chen smiles to invite Feng-hsiao for a walk – i.e., the smile is used as a way to express concern. After arriving later than expected, Ts’ao Ch’i-ch’iao smiles to show how sorry she is for the delay: â€Å"She smiled, showing her small teeth† (Chang). Yun-tse, who smiles in response to Ch’i-Ch’iao’s attempt to take her by the pigtail: â€Å"Yun-tse turned aside to protect her pigtail, saying with a smile: ‘I can’t even lose a few hairs without your permission?’† (Chang), which shows that the change in Yun-tse’s expression was used to display slight disobedience and a polite refusal. Ch’i-ch’iao then smiles in attempt to hide the emotion that overwhelm her at the sight of how protective of her Second Brother Chi-tse is, which is a striking contrast to the previously mentioned situation when Ch’i-ch’iao smiled. Thus, in addition, to the portrayal of a fleeting emotion, the description of Ch’i-ch’iao’s fleeting emotions shows how diverse and complex this character is, since different emotions trigger almost identical reactions in her.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, the shift to a smile seems the most frequent emotion change in Eileen Chang’s novel; smile is mentioned as much as sixteen times (Chang). The given phenomenon might owe much to the specifics of the Chinese culture, where politeness is a top priority and, therefore, a variety of emotions may hide under a simple smile. It would be wrong, however, to consider the characters in the novel lifeless puppets who never display their real emotions. Although smile is, indeed, the most frequently mentioned emotion in the novel, the leading characters allow a negative emotion pass over their faces once in a while. For example, one of the characters actually frowns in the novel; much to the readers’ surprise, the frown is not a symbol of thoughtfulness or a situation when the character has to make an important decision. Unlike one might have expected, one of the characters in Chang’s novel expresses a discontent with a frown. To make it even more unexpected, the character who displays such an explicit dissatisfaction is a woman; to be more exact, it is Ch’ao-lu, known as Miss Tsao, or Little Miss Ch’ao: â€Å"Ch’ao-lu plucked a piece of raw fat a foot wid e off the hook and threw it down hard on the block, a warm odor rushing to her face, the smell of sticky dead fish†¦ She frowned† (Chang). It is also noteworthy that the frown does not come from the unpleasant smell; though Ch’ao is clearly disgusted by the odor of the fish, she clearly thinks of something other than the stench. As the readers are able to have a sight of what opens in front of Miss Ch’ao, however, all pieces fall into their places: â€Å"On the bed lay her husband, that lifeless body†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chang). With the help of a description of a frown passing across Ch’ao’s face, Chang managed to capture the fleeting emotion of regret. Though Ch’ao has seemingly adapted to her life with a man who is clearly not worth her, the feeling of dismay still gets the best of her once in a while, which the above-mentioned frown shows. Therefore, the given emotion stresses the strength and patience of the character, at the same time l etting the reader know that she still yearns for a better life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Eyes That Cannot Lie: What Lurks Behind People’s Faces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While most of the above-mentioned ways to get across a complex emotion are rather subtle, some of the changes in the characters’ moods are displayed in a much more explicit manner, which helps understand the characters better. In contrast to a composed smile, which can have a million of shades of meaning, such a facial expression as sneering tells much about Little Shuang as a character. Making it clear that Little Shuang is more open than the rest of the characters, a sneer also points at such traits of her character as jealousy and scorn: â€Å"Little Shuang sneered. ‘How could she afford me! I used to wait on Old Mistress, but Second Master took medicine all day and had to be helped around all the time, and since they were short of hands, I was sent over there’† (Chang). Sneering helps to show how indignant Little Shuang is, and how unfair she believes she was treated. Thus, a mere act of sneering helps get an entire palette of emotions across, without breaking the character by making her indignation take the best of her. Finally, such emotion as anger deserves a proper mentioning. Though it does not appear in the novel very often, whenever it does, it becomes truly overwhelming. For example, as Yun-tse overhears the conversation between Old Mistress and Lang-hsien, she literally turns â€Å"white with anger† (Chang), which portrays her as a very impulsive person. While not all of the characters in Chang’s story are given a proper description of the way they look at the very start of the novel, their facial features are being discovered all the way through the novel, with every new feature being revealed to the reader with another twist of the story. A rather unusual; approach towards character description, this method helps the author keep the reader engaged and at the same time provides more room for the character development exercises. Even though the characters’ expressions do not change very often, each time when they do, it serves a specific purpose, therefore, making the characters more three-dimensional. With the help of her art of describing people’s emotions, Chang turns her stories into character study, therefore, making character arches more complex and the characters more compelling.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More